Mad cow disease, 20 years later

This copy is for your personal non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies of Toronto Star content for distribution to colleagues, clients or customers, or inquire about permissions/licensing, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com

The Mad Cow Crisis started 20 years ago. For most Canadians, May 20, 2003, means little. But for the beef industry, the situation was nothing less than dreadful. It brought devastation, bankruptcies, and broken families.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency declared that a Black Angus cow originating from northern Alberta had been detected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as mad cow disease. In response, the United States promptly imposed a ban on Canadian beef and cattle imports.

Mad cow disease is a fatal illness that gradually deteriorates the brain and spinal cord in cattle. Although humans cannot contract mad cow disease, there is a rare possibility of developing a human variant called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), which is also fatal. Over time, vCJD causes degeneration of the brain and spinal cord.

Canada couldn't export anything. Since 60 per cent of our beef went overseas, Canada suddenly had too much beef. It took more than two years before the United States reopened its borders. Japan just reopened its borders to Canadian beef in March of this year, almost 20 years later.

When the borders closed and Canada had an overcapacity of beef, Canadians bought more beef in support. In fact, Canada became the only country in the world at the time to see domestic demand for beef go up after the discovery of its first native mad cow disease case. Everyone was expecting Canadians to fear the product, as we saw in Japan, Europe, and elsewhere. But it didn't happen.

Seeing all this unfolding in 2003, the late and great Anita Stewart, a renowned culinary author, pioneered Food Day Canada to encourage people to eat more Canadian food, including beef. Just recently, our own Parliament officially designated the first Saturday of August as Food Day Canada.

In many ways, the beef industry has changed because of the Mad Cow crisis. Significant improvements have been made in testing and surveillance measures to detect and monitor the presence of mad cow disease. These include stricter protocols for screening cattle, particularly high-risk animals, and improved diagnostic techniques. Additionally, stricter regulations have been implemented regarding the use of animal-derived protein in livestock feed, which was identified as a key factor in the spread of mad cow disease. Canada, like many other countries, has implemented bans and restrictions on the feeding of ruminant protein to ruminant animals to prevent cross-contamination and the potential transmission of the disease. As such, comprehensive risk mitigation measures have been put in place to prevent the introduction and spread of mad cow disease.

However, what has not changed is the dominance of meat packers in Canada. In 2003, when beef prices were incredibly depressed, meat packers were making a fortune as beef retail prices barely changed at all. Prices dropped by about 10 per cent in some markets but went back up again months later. The Mad Cow crisis started as our own BBQ season was getting underway, so packers and grocers likely didn't see the point of dropping prices at all. Higher retail prices provoked the ire of cattle producers, and they tried to start processing plants on their own. Over 350 projects started at the time, but only two plants started operations, one in Alberta and the other in Saskatchewan. Unfortunately, both plants have since ceased operations, leaving us with a massive oligopoly in meat packing, with three plants processing most of the beef in Canada.

What the Mad Cow crisis has shown us is how resilient the beef industry is. Many families had to sell their farms and move to find work as their operations became unprofitable overnight. Canada remains one of the most dominant beef players in the world, despite the heartaches the sector experienced 20 years ago.

Copyright owned or licensed by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or distribution of this content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Toronto Star Newspapers Limited and/or its licensors. To order copies of Toronto Star articles, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com